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Computer-automated design
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Computer-automated design : ウィキペディア英語版
Computer-automated design
Design Automation usually refers to electronic design automation, or Design Automation which is a Product configurator. Extending Computer-Aided Design (CAD), automated design and Computer-Automated Design (CAutoD) 〔(Kamentsky, L.A., and Liu, C.-N. (1963). Computer-Automated Design of Multifont Print Recognition Logic, IBM Journal of Research and Development, 7(1), p.2 )〕〔(Brncick, M. (2000). Computer automated design and computer automated manufacture, Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, Aug, 11(3), 701-13. )〕〔(Li, Y., et al. (2004). CAutoCSD - Evolutionary search and optimisation enabled computer automated control system design. International Journal of Automation and Computing, 1(1). 76-88. ISSN 1751-8520 )〕 are more concerned with a broader range of applications, such as automotive engineering, civil engineering,〔KRAMER, GJE; GRIERSON, DE, (1989) COMPUTER AUTOMATED DESIGN OF STRUCTURES UNDER DYNAMIC LOADS, COMPUTERS & STRUCTURES, 32(2), 313-325〕〔MOHARRAMI, H; GRIERSON, DE, 1993, COMPUTER-AUTOMATED DESIGN OF REINFORCED-CONCRETE FRAMEWORKS, JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE, 119(7), 2036-2058〕〔XU, L; GRIERSON, DE, (1993) COMPUTER-AUTOMATED DESIGN OF SEMIRIGID STEEL FRAMEWORKS, JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE, 119(6), 1740-1760〕〔Barsan, GM; Dinsoreanu, M, (1997). Computer-automated design based on structural performance criteria, Mouchel Centenary Conference on Innovation in Civil and Structural Engineering, AUG 19-21, CAMBRIDGE ENGLAND, INNOVATION IN CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING, 167-172〕 composite material design, control engineering,〔(Li, Y., et al. (1996). Genetic algorithm automated approach to design of sliding mode control systems, Int J Control, 63(4), 721-739. )〕 dynamic system identification,〔(Li, Y., et al. (1995). Automation of Linear and Nonlinear Control Systems Design by Evolutionary Computation, Proc. IFAC Youth Automation Conf., Beijing, China, August 1995, 53-58. )〕 financial systems, industrial equipment, mechatronic systems, steel construction,〔Barsan, GM, (1995) Computer-automated design of semirigid steel frameworks according to EUROCODE-3, Nordic Steel Construction Conference 95, JUN 19-21, 787-794〕 structural optimisation, and the invention of novel systems.
The concept of CAutoD perhaps first appeared in 1963, in the IBM Journal of Research and Development (), where a computer program was written (1) to search for logic circuits having certain constraints on hardware design and (2) to evaluate these logics in terms of their discriminating ability over samples of the character set they are expected to recognize. More recently, traditional CAD simulation is seen to be transformed to CAutoD by biologically-inspired machine learning〔(Zhan, Z.H., et al. (2011). Evolutionary computation meets machine learning: a survey, IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, 6(4), 68-75. )〕 or search techniques such as evolutionary computation,〔(Gregory S. Hornby (2003). Generative Representations for Computer-Automated Design Systems, NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000 )〕〔(J. Clune and H. Lipson (2011). Evolving three-dimensional objects with a generative encoding inspired by developmental biology. Proceedings of the European Conference on Artificial Life. 2011 )〕 including swarm intelligence algorithms().
==Guiding designs by performance improvements==

To meet the ever growing demand of quality and competitiveness, iterative physical prototyping is now often replaced by 'digital prototyping' of a 'good design', which aims to meet multiple objectives such as maximised output, energy efficiency, highest speed and cost-effectiveness. The design problem concerns both finding the best design within a known range (i.e., through 'learning' or 'optimisation') and finding a new and better design beyond the existing ones (i.e., through creation and invention). This is equivalent to a search problem in an, almost certainly, multidimensional (multivariate), multi-modal space with a single (or weighted) objective or multiple objectives.

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